SUSTAINABLE AVIATION FUEL AND BIOFUELS

This book serves as a comprehensive guide to the various approaches and technologies involved in the production of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF), biofuels and sustainable aviation kerosene (SAK). It examines the key properties of these fuels in comparison to conventional petroleum-based fuels. In addition to detailing the underlying technologies, the book explores the economic aspects of production, comparing them to conventional refinery-produced fuels.

Readers are introduced to a range of feedstocks that can be utilised for SAF and renewable fuel production, including sugars, ethanol, vegetable oils and fats, municipal waste, biomass and lignocellulose. The book discusses critical factors influencing feedstock selection such as availability, cost and sustainability. It also provides a systematic approach to estimating the production costs of SAF through various alternative pathways and feedstocks, facilitating concept analyses for specific projects.

Contents:

• Challenges for Renewable Fuels:
  • Fundamentals of Crude Oil and Refinery Economics
  • Oil Price Differentials
  • How Much Oil Is There?
  • Refined Fuels and Fuel Harmonisation — Specification Fuels
  • Prices of Refined Products
  • The Challenges for Renewable Fuels
• SAF From Alcohol-Based Fuels:
  • History of Use
  • Properties of Ethanol for Gasoline Blending
  • Ethanol in Diesel Blends
  • World Ethanol Market
  • Ethanol Production Costs
  • Ethanol to Sustainable Aviation Fuel (e-Jet)
• SAF From Vegetable Oils and Fats:
  • Production of Vegetable Oil
  • Fatty Acid Methyl Esters — Biodiesel
  • Biodiesel and Biodiesel Standards
  • Use of FAME as a Diesel Fuel
  • Differences between Diesel and Biodiesel
  • Green Diesel and SAF
  • Production Costs
• Production of Fuels and SAF from Biomass via Gasification:
  • Biomass
  • Fischer–Tropsch Process for Producing SAF
  • Production of SAF from Carbon Dioxide
  • The Production of High-Density Kerosene
• SAF by Pyrolysis of Biomass:
  • Approach to the Direct Conversion of Biomass to Fuels
  • Pyrolysis of Biomass
  • Economics of SAK Production by Biomass Pyrolysis
• Commentary on Blending and Costs and Observations:
  • Blending to SAF
  • Cost of SAF
• Conclusion:
  • Status of SAF Technology
  • Cost of SAF
• Appendices:
  • Relationship between the Cost of Feedstock and Petroleum
  • Conversion Factors
  • Methodology for Economic Analysis
  • Location Factors
  • Relation of Delivered Equipment to Final Capital Cost
  • Specific Volume and Heating Values for Fuels
  • Accuracy of Cost Estimates
  • Exotic Biofuel Feedstocks
  • Abbreviations

Readership: Chemical engineering Graduates, Industrial chemists, Fuel economics professionals, Investment managers, Business development professionals, Government policy advisors, Fuel policy advisors.